These hormones increase blood glucose levels to maintain levels within a normal range between meals. The glucocorticoids stimulate the synthesis of glucose and gluconeogenesis (converting a non-carbohydrate to glucose) by liver cells and they promote the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue. The three main glucocorticoids are cortisol, corticosterone, and cortisone. Aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by a decrease in blood concentrations of sodium ions, blood volume, or blood pressure, or by an increase in blood potassium levels. The main mineralocorticoid is aldosterone, which regulates the concentration of Na + ions in urine, sweat, pancreas, and saliva. These layers form three distinct regions: an outer zona glomerulosa that produces mineralocorticoids, a middle zona fasciculata that produces glucocorticoids, and an inner zona reticularis that produces androgens. The adrenal cortex is made up of layers of epithelial cells and associated capillary networks. Figure 1. The location of the adrenal glands on top of the kidneys is shown.
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